Scorpions are generally an important source of bioactive components, including toxins and other small peptides as attractive molecules for new drug development. Mesobuthus eupeus, from medically important and widely distributed Buthidae family, is the most abundant species in Iran. Researchers are interesting on the gland of this scorpion due to the complexity of its venom. Here, we have analyzed the TRANSCRIPTOME based on expressed sequence tag (EST) database from the venom tissue of Iranian M. eupeus by constructing a cDNA library and subsequent Sanger sequencing of obtained inserts. Sixty-three unique transcripts were identified, which were grouped in different categories, including Toxins (44 transcripts), Cell Proteins (9 transcripts), Antimicrobial Peptides (4 transcripts) and Unknown Peptides (3 transcripts). The ANALYSIS of the ESTs revealed several new components categorized among various toxin families with effect on ion channels. Sequence ANALYSIS of a new precursor provides evidence to validate the first CaTxs from M. eupeus. The results are exploration of the diversity of precursors expressed of Iranian M. eupeus venom gland. We further described comparative ANALYSIS of venom components of Iranian M. eupeus with other sibling species.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L. ) is a flowering plant from Apiaceae family and native to the East Mediterranean to India. The main component of essential oil in cumin seeds is cumin aldehyde (63% of total oil). Despite the importance of the cumin derivative drugs little information is available on the genome and the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic pathway of this plant. Transcriptomic studies have greatly contributed to better understand in metabolic pathways of medicinal plants. At the moment, the use of next-generation sequencing techniques, especially RNA-seq technique were considered as the suitable promising and most accurate methods of transcriptomic evaluation. In the present study, we report cumin TRANSCRIPTOME for the first time. Flower tissue was used to extract RNA from four samples for RNA-seq ANALYSIS. According to the results, more than 153000000 reads with length of 50 NT were achieved. Trinity software, using 25 and 32 K-mers, was used to assemble the reads. Selection of the best assembly was followed using BUSCO software based on the integer transcript sequences. After assembly of reads, 50973 genes with an average length of 725 NT and N50 value of 1136 NT were obtained. Moreover, 53103 transcripts were identified from all genes. From this number, 35860 transcripts had at least one homologous in Nr database. More than 66. 7% of all transcripts had at least one homologous in GO database (biological process, molecular function, cellular compound). Most of the genes were related to transcriptional regulation and membrane activities. In the present study, the first TRANSCRIPTOME profile is reported in cumin which data can be used in subsequent studies to assess expression of genes and other genetic studies in this plant.

Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious disease of the upper-respiratory tract caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The virus is a member of the Coronaviridae family and has numerous serotypes and strains. Rapid replication combined with high mutation rate and recombination are the main causes of the observed high diversity. Feed conversion and average daily gain are affected in broilers, and infection is often followed by secondary bacterial infections. In layers, IBV causes a reduction in egg production. Today, IB is one of the most economically important diseases in the poultry industry. Transcriptional profiles of trachea tissue of the infected group (IBV) were studied with control group to evaluate changes in TRANSCRIPTOME profile at the early stages of infection. After the challenge of SPF chickens with IBV IS-1494 like (GI-23, the trachea tissue was used for RNA extraction, and changes in the TRANSCRIPTOME were investigated by Illumina RNA-seq technique. Up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TRANSCRIPTOME of trachea were identified. Gene ontology category, KEGG pathway were analyzed to identify relationships among differentially expressed genes. In general, the numbers of up-regulated genes were higher than of down-regulated genes in experimental group. In the experimental group, a more severe immune response occurred,an important up-regulated genes in this group’, s was Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, apoptotic pathway, MAPK signaling pathway. Results of this study could provide a general overview of TRANSCRIPTOME changes in the trachea at the early stage of infection with avian infectious bronchitis (IBV) virus.

An effort was made to analyze metabolome and TRANSCRIPTOME profiles of Ferula persica via GC-MS and RNA-seq data. The ANALYSIS of the essential oils extracted from both flower and root tissues demonstrated the prominence of monoterpene constituents, while sesquiterpene compounds were present in the lower magnitudes. Considering TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS, 2127 differentially expressed genes were found between root and flower: 396 transcripts were up-regulated in root, while 1731 exhibited an up-regulation pattern in flower. Out of 2127 transcripts, 86 were annotated as Terpene Synthases (TPSs), of which 83 TPSs were classified subsequently into five individual sub-families of TPS-a (33), TPS-b (42), TPS-c (2), TPSe-f (3), and TPS-g (3). Several transcription factor families were recognized among the differentially expressed genes, suggesting their direct or indirect regulatory roles for the biosynthesis of terpenoids in F. persica. Finally, according to our phylogenetic results, both F. assa-foetida and F. gummosa were placed in the same clade, while F. persica was lonely settled in one monophyletic clade, with the estimated divergence time of 2.99 Million Years Ago (MYA) between F. gummosa and F. assa-foetida, and 3.87 MYA between F. persica and two other Ferula species.